All analysis was generated autonomously, without human review. Scores are analytical opinions drawn from the cited public sources, without hands-on testing. They are not audits, certifications, investment reports, purchasing advice, or evaluations of quality.
Cryptographers who invented much of modern homomorphic encryption founded Duality Technologies, and in 2026 the company sells a multi-technology privacy platform. Duality partnered with Red Hat in June 2026 to sell governments AI inside trusted execution environments through Red Hat's open confidential computing stack, placing the founders' encryption alongside TEEs as one option among several. Governments and regulated enterprises need AI on data they cannot move, and they buy platforms they can deploy. DARPA picked Duality in 2021 to lead an encryption-accelerator team, and press at the time reported a US Department of Defense contract. The public record documents no financing since the $30 million 2021 Series B and names partners more than paying customers.
| Description | Duality builds a privacy-enhancing data collaboration platform that lets organizations analyze and run AI on sensitive data while it stays encrypted, using fully homomorphic encryption, federated learning, and trusted execution environments. | [f1] |
|---|---|---|
| HQ | Hoboken, New Jersey, US | [f2] |
| Funding | $49M total | [f3] |
| Latest funding | Series B, $30M, October 2021 | [f4] |
| Product | What it does |
|---|---|
| Duality Platform | A privacy-first data collaboration platform providing secure query, collaborative AI, and federated analytics on sensitive data without moving or exposing it. |
Cyber Defense Matrix
| Identify | Protect | Detect | Respond | Recover | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devices Workstations, servers, phones, tablets, storage, network devices, IoT infrastructure, and similar hardware. | |||||
| Applications Software, interactions, and application flows on the devices. | |||||
| Networks Connections and traffic flowing among devices and apps, plus communication paths. | |||||
| Data Content at rest, in transit, or in use across devices, apps, and networks. | |||||
| Users The people using the devices, apps, networks, and data. |
Duality Platform keeps sensitive data encrypted during analysis and AI computation using homomorphic encryption, federated learning, and trusted execution environments, and is mapped to the Cyber Defense Matrix. [f5]
How well the company can compete in its security market, scored across eight dimensions against public evidence.
| Dimension | Score |
|---|---|
| Problem Clarity How precisely the company defines its problem, with evidence the problem exists at the scale claimed. | 3/5 |
| Capability Depth How specific the technical capabilities are, with evidence beyond marketing claims such as docs, demos, and third-party validation. | 3/5 |
| Market Timing Whether the market is ready for this product, with evidence that buyers are actively seeking solutions. | 3/5 |
| Team Credibility Demonstrated domain expertise with public signals such as prior exits, publications, and industry recognition. | 5/5 |
| GTM Proof Evidence of actual traction (customers, revenue signals, partnerships) beyond stated intentions. | 3/5 |
| Funding Efficiency Whether funding matches go-to-market ambition, with signs of capital-efficient growth. | 2/5 |
| Category Clarity Whether the company creates or fits a recognizable category that buyers can quickly place in their stack. | 3/5 |
| Incumbent Defensibility How vulnerable the core value proposition is to absorption as a feature by a platform vendor. | 3/5 |
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A closer look at the company's product strategy, measuring how defensible it is against market forces and examining the eight areas behind it.
reinforce or reposition
| Dimension | Score |
|---|---|
| Value Delivery Does the product sell software as the product, or judgment, trust, or accountability with software as the delivery mechanism. | 1/3 |
| Switching Cost How expensive leaving is for a customer: data portability, integrations, learned workflows, network effects, regulatory data residency. | 2/3 |
| Compliance Moat Whether certifications, liability acceptance, or audit trails block an easy replacement. | 2/3 |
| Problem Complexity Whether the product requires ML, optimization, real-time systems, or years of specialized expertise. | 3/3 |
| Buyer Profile Whether buyers are SMB operators, mid-market IT teams, or regulated enterprises and governments with procurement gates. | 2/3 |
| Layer Whether the product is an end-user application, a platform with application features, or infrastructure other applications depend on. | 2/3 |
| Proprietary Data, Content, or IP Whether the product accumulates datasets, content licenses, or IP that a rival cannot recreate from scratch. | 1/3 |
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The reasoning for the scores, the strategy deep dive, the business risks, and more. AI access comes with the purchase, so your AI tools can read the full profile too. You keep 12 months of access.
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| Id | Source | Tier | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| f1 | Duality: Secure Data Collaboration for Regulated Industries | official | 2026-07-07 |
| f2 | Duality press release: Duality Technologies and Red Hat Partner to Bring Trusted AI to Sovereign and Regulated Environments | official | 2026-07-07 |
| f3 | SecurityWeek: Secure Data Collaboration Firm Duality Technologies Raises $30 Million | press | 2026-06-24 |
| f4 | Intel Capital: Duality Technologies Raises $30M Led by LG Technology Ventures | press | 2026-06-24 |
| f5 | Duality: Secure Data Collaboration for Regulated Industries | official | 2026-06-24 |
| Id | Source | Tier | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| s1 | Duality: Secure Data Collaboration for Regulated Industries “Empower your organizations to share and analyze encrypted data using Duality's Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) such as Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Federated Learning, Trusted Execution Environment, and more” | official | 2026-06-24 |
| s2 | About Duality | Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) “Leading industry and government organizations partner with Duality to maximize the value of their data, including DARPA, Intel, Scotiabank, Oracle, IBM, World Economic Forum (WEF), and more.” | official | 2026-06-24 |
| s3 | Meet The Duality Leadership Team “Prof. Goldwasser is the inventor of several revolutionary cryptographic technologies, including probabilistic encryption, multi-party secure protocols and pseudo-random functions. She was awarded the ACM Turing Award in 2012.” | official | 2026-06-24 |
| s4 | Meet The Duality Leadership Team: Dr. Kurt Rohloff “Dr. Rohloff is a co-founder of the PALISADE open-source homomorphic encryption software library and has led the defense industry consortium developing this leading open-source library. He is the recipient of a DARPA Director's Fellowship.” | official | 2026-06-24 |
| s5 | SecurityWeek: Secure Data Collaboration Firm Duality Technologies Raises $30 Million “Privacy-focused data collaboration solutions provider Duality Technologies today announced that it has raised $30 million in Series B funding. To date, the company has received a total of $49 million.” | press | 2026-06-24 |
| s6 | Intel Capital: Duality Technologies Raises $30M Led by LG Technology Ventures “Founded by world-renowned cryptographers and data scientists, Duality has harnessed its foremost expertise in Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and data science to develop the Duality SecurePlus suite of secure data collaboration applications.” | press | 2026-06-24 |
| s8 | TechCrunch: Duality nabs $30M for its privacy-focused data collaboration tools “There are a number of other companies also working on ways to apply homomorphic encryption into enterprise networking: they include Enveil, backed by the CIA's investment arm; IBM; and Paris-based Zama. It's working on deals to integrate the technology into systems like Oracle's or IBM's.” | press | 2026-06-24 |
| s9 | DARPA: DARPA Selects Researchers to Accelerate Use of Fully Homomorphic Encryption “Four teams of researchers will be led by Duality Technologies, Galois, SRI International, and Intel Federal.” | regulatory | 2026-07-06 |
| s10 | IEEE Spectrum: Chips to Compute With Encrypted Data Are Coming “The Duality team, whose chip is called Trebuchet, sees its advantage as having a design that is made to support and accelerate the FHE software the startup has already commercialized.” | research | 2026-07-06 |
| Id | Source | Tier | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| s1 | Duality: Secure Data Collaboration for Regulated Industries “Duality empowers organizations to securely analyze sensitive, distributed, or inaccessible data, without moving or exposing it.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s2 | Duality: Data Collaboration Platform, Secure Multi-Party Computation “Three powerful capabilities. One modular, scalable, privacy-first platform for secure querying, collaborative AI, and federated analytics, powered by privacy-enhancing technologies and the Duality Assistant Agent” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s3 | Duality: About Duality, Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) “Leading industry and government organizations partner with Duality to maximize the value of their data, including DARPA, Intel, Scotiabank, Oracle, IBM, World Economic Forum (WEF), and more.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s4 | Duality: Meet the Duality Leadership Team (Founders), Prof. Vinod Vaikuntanathan, Co-founder and Chief Cryptographer “Prof. Vaikuntanathan is an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT. Vinod is the co-inventor of most modern fully homomorphic encryption systems and many other lattice-based (post-quantum secure) cryptographic primitives.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s5 | Duality: Meet the Duality Leadership Team, Prof. Shafi Goldwasser, Co-founder and Chief Scientist “Prof. Goldwasser is the inventor of several revolutionary cryptographic technologies, including probabilistic encryption, multi-party secure protocols and pseudo-random functions. She was awarded the ACM Turing Award in 2012” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s6 | Duality: Meet the Duality Leadership Team (Leadership), Dr. Kurt Rohloff, Co-founder and CTO “Dr. Rohloff is a co-founder of the PALISADE open-source homomorphic encryption software library and has led the defense industry consortium developing this leading open-source library.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s7 | Duality press release: Duality Technologies and Red Hat Partner to Bring Trusted AI to Sovereign and Regulated Environments “said Dr. Alon Kaufman, CEO and Co-founder of Duality Technologies. "By combining Duality's privacy-preserving platform with Red Hat's open confidential computing stack, we've changed that. TEE-protected AI is now deployable anywhere, on any infrastructure an organization controls."” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s8 | Intelligence Community News: Duality and Red Hat partner “On June 17, Duality Technologies announced a partnership with Red Hat to help governments and regulated enterprises operationalize sovereign AI and secure analytics across sensitive data environments without moving or exposing data.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s9 | Duality press release: Duality 4.6 Launches Data Harmonization for Sovereign AI “Duality 4.6 enables organizations to harmonize data structures and execute federated analytics and AI workflows without moving sensitive data.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s10 | TechCrunch: Duality nabs $30M for its privacy-focused data collaboration tools “has raised some funding on the back of some significant early deals, including a contract with the U.S. Department of Defense” | press | 2026-07-07 |
| s11 | SecurityWeek: Secure Data Collaboration Firm Duality Technologies Raises $30 Million (October 5, 2021) “Privacy-focused data collaboration solutions provider Duality Technologies today announced that it has raised $30 million in Series B funding. To date, the company has received a total of $49 million.” | press | 2026-07-07 |
| s12 | DARPA: DARPA Selects Researchers to Accelerate Use of Fully Homomorphic Encryption “Four teams of researchers will be led by Duality Technologies, Galois, SRI International, and Intel Federal.” | regulatory | 2026-07-07 |
| s13 | IEEE Spectrum: Chips to Compute With Encrypted Data Are Coming “The Duality team, whose chip is called Trebuchet, sees its advantage as having a design that's made to support and accelerate the FHE software the startup has already commercialized.” | research | 2026-07-07 |
| s14 | Duality Trust Vault (Scrut portal): compliance probe listing Cyber Essentials v3.2, ISO 27001:2022, and GDPR (agent-browser render, 2026-07-07) “ISO 27001:2022” | official | 2026-07-07 |
| s15 | Duality: Open Source Fully Homomorphic Encryption (OpenFHE) “OpenFHE is the open-source library leveraged by Duality, as well as other community members, for its privacy-protected data collaboration products.” | official | 2026-07-07 |
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